In recent years, measles has made an unsettling return to the United States. Once nearly eradicated, outbreaks have once again become a serious public health concern. This resurgence highlights a growing need to revisit the importance of vaccinations and to demystify the stigmas surrounding vaccines that contribute to hesitancy and the spread of preventable diseases. To understand the full impact of this disease and why vaccinations are critical, we need to explore what measles is, how it spreads, and why getting vaccinated is crucial for both individual and public health.
What is Measles?
Measles, also known as rubeola, is a highly contagious viral infection that primarily affects children. It is caused by the measles virus, which is a member of the paramyxovirus family. The disease is characterized by a distinct red rash that usually starts on the face and spreads to the rest of the body. Other symptoms include high fever, cough, runny nose, sore throat, inflamed eyes, and tiny white spots inside the mouth known as Koplik’s spots.
Measles spreads easily through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. It can also remain airborne in a room for up to two hours, meaning that people who are unvaccinated and come into contact with these droplets are at a high risk of contracting the disease.
The Resurgence of Measles
The reemergence of measles in the United States is alarming. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), in the early 2000s, measles cases had dropped to an all-time low, and by 2000, the United States was declared to have eliminated measles. However, over the past decade, there has been a steady increase in cases, with major outbreaks occurring in several states.
This resurgence can be attributed to several factors, including a decline in vaccination rates. In recent years, vaccine misinformation has become more prevalent, particularly through social media and anti-vaccine advocacy groups. Some parents, influenced by misconceptions or fear, have opted out of vaccinating their children, leaving them vulnerable to diseases like measles. This has caused a dangerous ripple effect, as measles does not just affect the unvaccinated; it can spread to vulnerable individuals who are unable to get vaccinated, such as babies too young for the vaccine or people with weakened immune systems.
Why Vaccination is Critical for Measles Prevention
Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent measles. The measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine is highly effective at protecting against the disease. The MMR vaccine contains weakened versions of the three viruses, prompting the immune system to produce antibodies that fight off the infection without causing the illness.
The importance of vaccination extends beyond protecting the individual receiving the vaccine. It also helps to establish “herd immunity.” Herd immunity occurs when a sufficient portion of the population is immune to a disease, making its spread unlikely. This protects those who cannot receive the vaccine, such as infants, pregnant women, or individuals with compromised immune systems.
The effectiveness of the MMR vaccine is proven. After receiving both doses of the vaccine, approximately 97% of people are protected from measles. This high level of efficacy is why the CDC strongly recommends the MMR vaccine for all children.
When is the Measles Vaccine Recommended?
The MMR vaccine is typically administered in two doses. The first dose is given between 12 and 15 months of age, with the second dose typically given between 4 and 6 years old, before the child starts school. These age ranges are based on when the child’s immune system is most likely to respond effectively to the vaccine.
In some cases, the vaccine may be given earlier if a child is traveling internationally or is at increased risk for exposure. Additionally, people who are not vaccinated or have not received both doses of the MMR vaccine should consult their healthcare provider for recommendations on how to catch up on their vaccinations.
What Happens When a Child Gets Measles?
While measles is often thought of as a “mild” childhood illness, it can lead to severe complications, especially in young children and those with weakened immune systems. According to the CDC, one in five children who get measles will experience complications such as pneumonia, encephalitis (swelling of the brain), and ear infections. These complications can be serious and even fatal.
In addition to these short-term complications, measles can cause long-term effects. One of the most devastating is subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), a rare but fatal disease that affects the brain and can occur years after a child has recovered from measles.
The symptoms of measles typically appear about 7-14 days after exposure. Initially, the child will have a fever, cough, runny nose, and red, watery eyes. As the illness progresses, a rash will begin to form, usually starting on the face and spreading to the rest of the body. The fever can become very high, sometimes exceeding 104°F (40°C), and can last for several days.
Can Vaccinated Children Still Get Measles?
The MMR vaccine is highly effective, but no vaccine is 100% foolproof. It is possible, though extremely rare, for vaccinated individuals to contract measles. This is known as a vaccine failure and typically occurs in cases where the person did not receive both doses of the vaccine or if their immune system did not respond well to the vaccine.
However, even in these rare cases, the symptoms are usually milder, and the likelihood of complications is much lower compared to unvaccinated individuals. In fact, the CDC reports that the vast majority of people who get measles in the United States today have not been vaccinated. This highlights the importance of ensuring that everyone receives the full recommended vaccination regimen.
Demystifying the Stigmas Surrounding Measles and Vaccines
Despite the overwhelming evidence supporting the safety and efficacy of vaccines, myths and misinformation about vaccines and their side effects persist. One of the most common misconceptions is the false claim that the MMR vaccine causes autism. This idea originated from a discredited study published in 1998 that has since been thoroughly debunked by numerous studies. Extensive research has shown no connection between the MMR vaccine and autism.
Additionally, some parents worry about the safety of vaccines, particularly the MMR vaccine, fearing that it may cause harmful side effects. Like any medication or medical intervention, vaccines can cause side effects, but most are mild, such as soreness at the injection site or a low-grade fever. Serious side effects are extremely rare, and the benefits of vaccination far outweigh the risks of getting the diseases that vaccines prevent.
Another concern is the idea that measles is not a serious threat because it is a disease that can be treated. However, as discussed earlier, measles can lead to severe complications, long-term disability, and even death. Preventing measles through vaccination is the most effective way to avoid these outcomes.
Advocating for Vaccinations: Protecting Our Children and Communities
The resurgence of measles in the United States should serve as a reminder of the importance of vaccination for protecting our children, families, and communities. Vaccines are one of the greatest public health achievements of the modern era, and they have saved millions of lives.
As healthcare providers, parents, and citizens, we must work together to ensure that every child receives the vaccines they need to stay healthy and protect those who cannot be vaccinated. Vaccination is not just an individual responsibility; it is a collective one. By vaccinating our children, we are helping to build a healthier, safer future for all.
If you or your child have not received the MMR vaccine or are unsure about vaccination schedules, consult with your healthcare provider. Please feel free to reach out to our practice with any questions – 404-252-4611.